Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Abstract It is unlikely that we can expect to apply traditional centralised management approaches to large-scale pervasive computing scenarios. Authors M Shackleton View author publications. View author publications. About this article Cite this article Shackleton, M. The grid is multiple owned, it could be owned by several companies. Interconnection network is mostly internet with high latency and low bandwidth.
The security in the grid is public and private based on authentication and mapping user to an account. Difference in Architecture Of Cloud And Grid Computing When viewed in a broader sense both cloud and grid computing look like one and the same thing but if we study minutely then we can see the difference between them very clearly as explained below: Figure 2: Grid computing and Cloud computing Architecture [21,22] Business Models: While in grid business models are usually based on bilateral agreements between academic institutions, provision of resource in clouds requires more differentiated business models.
Currently, we observe several types of business models ranging from resource providers who only provide computing resources e. Resource Management: Resource management represents another major difference between grids and clouds.
While grids rely on batch systems, utilization of virtualization technologies represents the resource management solution for the clouds. Resource Provision Models: Grid resource provisioning models are based on virtual organizations where the relationships are established offline. In clouds usage of SLAs, compliance, and trust management is essential. Resource Availability: In grids resource sharing relies on the best effort manner, sometimes resources are not available and sometimes there are plenty of resources which are idle.
Clouds rely on massive elasticity in clouds. Challenging issues in clouds are to find the balance between wasting resources due to the virtualization overhead and standby modes of devices on the one hand, and pooling of resources to facilitate efficient consumption of resources and reducing energy consumption on the other. Let us differentiate two technologies on basis of features side by side.
The difference between cloud and grid computing is given below in tabular form [22] [23] XI. Utility Computing Utility Computing refers to a type of computing technologies and business models which provide services and computing resources to the customers, such as storage, applications and computing power. This repackaging of computing services is the foundation of the shift to on demand computing, software as a service and cloud computing models which late developed the idea of computing, applications and network as a service.
Multiple backend web servers used to make this kind of web service possible. And similar to the architecture of the cloud. Instead, the client relies on another party to provide these services. It also gives companies the option to subscribe to a single service and use the same suite of software throughout the entire client organization.
And it offers compatibility of all the computers in large companies. Also utility computing systems can also be attractive targets for hackers, and much of the responsibility of keeping the system safe falls to the provider [18] XII. Conclusion In this paper, we have presented a detailed comparis on the different computing models like cluster computing, grid, utility computing and cloud computing.
We believe a comparison such as this can help to understand, share and evolve infrastructure and technology within, across, and accelerate Cloud Computing from early prototypes to production systems. When it comes to grid and cloud computing, the two are often seen as the same computing paradigm under different names. In this paper, we sought to separate grids from clouds and provide a side by side comparison in how they are works, advantages disadvantages and what services are offered. In a word, the concept of cloud computing is becoming more and more popular now a days.
Ali Haider. Jose Florante Osila. Lukman Nulhakim. Alan Benson. Bartra Wealth Advisors. Nguyen Trung Thinh.
Popular in Digital Technology. Daniela Sabrina. Robert Wilson. Juan FSH. Harish Naik. Farry Josia. Dhananjai Singh. Nikolay Ch. Usman Rasheed. Narsingh Yadav. Zhu Na. Sir Agris. Young Love. Adam Ong. Hung Cuong Pham. Thus, the user must specify the interrelations of the resources that support the user's application—in some cases to the complete set, in others only until information can be harvested from that point down.
These interrelations are specified through a directed graph of relationships—that determine what depends upon what, which resources can be used to support other resources, what is required to start after or before other resources.
This specification of relationships tells the system how the various parts relate so that a failure anywhere along the chain can be handled and so that ordering of start and stop operations can be done correctly.
It is also possible to express some policy here as well e. Conditionals can be used to drive recovery or start or stop decisions and priorities can be assigned to allow conflicts to be resolved. The administrator also configures the system by assigning values to resources—such as an IP address to use for the application, or a file path in which to store data.
This can be done at the application level, or can be done to specify what should be assigned to a resource, or even to create a given instance of a resource for the application to use. An autonomic computing system of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG.
The autonomic computing system of the exemplary embodiment is a network of systems containing a plurality of clusters of systems , , , Each cluster , , , may be in communication with the World Wide Web via a communications link Additionally, any cluster can be in direct communications with any other cluster via an additional communications link The communications links , could be a wired link, a wireless link, or any combination of wired and or wireless devices.
In FIG. Likewise, cluster system C is in communication with cluster system D Each cluster may be heterogeneous in nature and distributed among various locations. Although the system illustrated is a network of systems , it would be obvious to one skilled in the art in view of the present discussion that the methods discussed herein will be equally applicable to individual cluster systems or even a single machine instance.
The cluster A is a group of servers and other resources that act like a single system and enable high availability. This exemplary cluster includes servers , ; printers , ; and computer systems , communicating via local area network LAN hubs , The cluster can communicate with the World Wide Web through a gateway , Note the redundancy of the devices hub A and hub B, server A and server B , printer A and printer B , gateway A and gateway B This arrangement of redundant resources is key for high availability systems and provides assurance that resource downtime will be minimized.
The server also includes one or more processors which processes instructions, performs calculations, and manages the flow of information through the server The server also includes a program memory , a data memory , and preferably random access memory RAM not shown. Additionally, the processor is communicatively coupled with a computer readable media drive , network interface cards NIC , , and the program memory The network interface cards , may be wired or wireless interfaces.
Again, note that resources such as the NICs may be redundant to provide robustness for the system. Included within the program memory , shown in more detail in FIG. The operating system platform manages resources, such as the information stored in data memory , the scheduling of tasks, and processes the operation of the cluster resource manager in the program memory Additionally, the operating system platform also manages many other basic tasks of the server in a manner well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Glue software may include drivers, stacks, and low-level application programming interfaces API's and provides basic functional components for use by the operating system platform and by compatible applications that run on the operating system platform for managing communications with resources and processes in the server Various software embodiments are described in terms of this exemplary computer system. These computer program products are means for providing software to the server The computer-readable medium allows the server to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer-readable information from the computer-readable medium It is useful, for example, for transporting information, such as data and computer instructions, between computer systems.
A more detailed block diagram of the cluster resource manager is shown in FIG. A user interface allows an administrator to specify policy definitions resource groups In addition, a resource harvester determines implicit relationships between recourses through self-discovery. An equivalency definer outputs a set of equivalencies that is stored in memory, such as a file or record, and are determined both from implicit discovery or explicit specification.
The policy generator is communicatively coupled to the user interface , the policy definitions , the equivalencies , and the resource groups , and uses the information from each of these elements to construct a system-wide graph to find a set of available actions. A resource monitor is communicatively coupled to each resource in the cluster and to the resource harvester , for communicating with each resource. An automation engine , is communicatively coupled to the system-wide graph of actions , the policy definitions , and the resource monitor , and relays desired actions to each resource via the resource monitor in order for the system to establish and maintain a desired end state.
A model for each resource has a set of attribute values, and all resources support a common set of operations e. Each resource is typically globally accessible within a cluster, and can be one of three basic types—serial fixed, serial floating, or concurrent, as shown in FIG. A serial fixed resource is a resource of which there is only a single instance within the cluster. It is defined upon a single node and that is where it runs. It represents one entity such as a process, a mount point or a network adapter.
A serial floating resource can run on several nodes in the cluster, but only one instance of the resource may be active at any time. It represents an automatable entity such as an application or service IP address that can run on several nodes.
A concurrent resource is one that can run on multiple nodes in the autonomic cluster. Referring to FIG. An exemplary operational flow diagram is shown in FIG. The cluster resource manager enters the process, at step , where it determines the user-defined end state. Note: the user in this instance is typically a system administrator. Next, the cluster resource manager , at step , determines the user-defined resource relationships. The administrator previously defines the desired policies, through a user interface by specifying which resources are associated to which other resources—by grouping resources into virtual resources that are collections of other resources.
These collections—resource groups , an example of which is shown in FIG. Resource group members can be resources or other resource groups Resource groups may be nested, as shown in FIG. A managing relationship exists between a source resource and one or more target resources. The requirements and types of relationships will be discussed in more detail later. At step , the resource harvester of the cluster resource manager finds and specifies implicit relationships through self discovery.
Next, at step , the resource harvester harvests a set of implicit relationships from the resources. These may come from relationships among the resources contained in a resource group , or from underlying system software such as the machine configuation, operating system, drivers, etc.
In the case of ResourceGroup 1 above, all of its member resources Resource A, Resource B must be collocated and active or none may be.
Thus a change in the state of Resource B may force the automation engine to drive recovery actions on Resource A in order to maintain the collocation requirement.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention allows for default relationship specifications for defined compound resources ResourceGroups which may be different from other compound resources, and which allow the overall reduction in the policy statements that the administrator must specify.
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