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Check for open-services or open devices on an IP especially if there are leaky Smart Devices on it :. For those reasons, we will need to obfuscate and hide that origin IP the one tied to your identification or hide it as much as we can through a combination of various means:.
Using the Tor Anonymity Network 29 free. Using VPN 30 services anonymously anonymously paid with cash or Monero. Do note that, unfortunately, these solutions are not perfect, and you will experience performance issues Except it returns an IP instead. Every time your browser wants to access a certain service such as Google through www. This DNS service could also be subject to data retention regulations or will just keep logs for other reasons data collection for advertising purposes for instance.
Therefore, this ISP will be capable of telling everything you did online just by looking at those logs which can, in turn, be provided to an adversary. Conveniently this is also the easiest way for many adversaries to apply censoring or parental control by using DNS blocking The provided DNS servers will give you a different address than their real one for some websites like redirecting thepiratebay.
Such blocking is widely applied worldwide for certain sites Using a private DNS service or your own DNS service would mitigate these issues, but the other problem is that most of those DNS requests are by default still sent in clear text unencrypted over the network.
Rendering the use of a private DNS service useless. As a bonus, many devices and apps will use hardcoded DNS servers bypassing any system setting you could set. For these devices, you will have to force them 37 to stop using their hardcoded DNS service which could make them stop working properly. This should prevent your ISP or some go-between from snooping on your requests … except it might not.
Small in-between Disclaimer: This guide does not necessarily endorse or recommends Cloudflare services even if it is mentioned several times in this section for technical understanding.
And this option is not enabled by default either so you will have to enable it yourself. Meaning you will not be able to establish an HTTPS connection with a service if you do not allow them to see what it was. The issues do not end here. An adversary can then easily find which website you are visiting by matching the certificate number This issue can be mitigated by using OCSP stapling But the website you are visiting must also be supporting it and not all do.
These are workable and reasonably secure technical options but there is also a moral choice if you want to use Cloudflare or not despite the risk posed by some researchers This guide will not help you with this one at this stage, but it might be coming soon.
As for your normal daily use non-sensitive , remember that only Firefox-based browsers support ECH formerly eSNI so far and that it is only useful with websites hosted behind Cloudflare CDN at this stage. If you prefer a Chrome-based version which is understandable for some due to some better-integrated features like on-the-fly Translation , then I would recommend the use of Brave instead which supports all Chrome extensions and offers much better privacy than Chrome.
But the story does not stop there right. Now because after all this, even if you encrypt your DNS and use all possible mitigations. Simple IP requests to any server will probably allow an adversary to still detect which site you are visiting. This means that an adversary can create a dataset of known websites for instance including their IPs and then match this dataset against the IP you ask for.
In most cases, this will result in a correct guess of the website you are visiting. RFID stands for Radio-frequency identification 57 , it is the technology used for instance for contactless payments and various identification systems. As with everything else, such capabilities can be used for tracking by various actors. But unfortunately, this is not limited to your smartphone, and you also probably carry some amount of RFID enabled device with you all the time such as:.
While all these cannot be used to de-anonymize you from a remote online adversary, they can be used to narrow down a search if your approximate location at a certain time is known.
For instance, you cannot rule out that some stores will effectively scan and log all RFID chips passing through the door. They might be looking for their loyalty cards but are also logging others along the way. Such RFID tags could be traced to your identity and allow for de-anonymization. The only way to mitigate this problem is to have no RFID tags on you or to shield them again using a type of Faraday cage. Many of those are now made by well-known brands such as Samsonite You should just not carry such RFID devices while conducting sensitive activities.
See Appendix N: Warning about smartphones and smart devices. Geolocation is not only done by using mobile antennas triangulation. It is also done using the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices around you. When your Android smartphone or iPhone is on and not in Plane mode , it will scan actively unless you specifically disable this feature in the settings Wi-Fi access points, and Bluetooth devices around you and will be able to geolocate you with more precision than when using a GPS. The issue is that this probing is unique and can be used to uniquely identify a user and track such user.
Shops, for example, can use this technique to fingerprint customers including when they return, where they go in the shop and how long they stay at a particular place.
This allows them to provide accurate locations even when GPS is off, but it also allows them to keep a convenient record of all Wi-Fi Bluetooth devices all over the world.
Which can then be accessed by them or third parties for tracking. Note: If you have an Android smartphone, Google probably knows where it is no matter what you do. You cannot really trust the settings.
The whole operating system is built by a company that wants your data. Remember that if it is free then you are the product. But that is not what all those Wi-Fi access points can do. Recently developed techs could even allow someone to track your movements accurately just based on radio interferences. Even if they have no smartphone on them. These devices can fit in a small bag and can take over the Wi-Fi environment of any place within their range.
These devices can force Wi-Fi clients to disconnect from their current Wi-Fi using de-authentication, disassociation attacks 68 while spoofing the normal Wi-Fi networks at the same location. They will continue to perform this attack until your computer, or you decide to try to connect to the rogue AP. These devices can then mimic a captive portal 69 with the exact same layout as the Wi-Fi you are trying to access for instance an Airport Wi-Fi registration portal.
Or they could just give you unrestricted access internet that they will themselves get from the same place. Once you are connected through the Rogue AP, this AP will be able to execute various man-in-the-middle attacks to perform analysis on your traffic.
These could be malicious redirections or simple traffic sniffing. These can then easily identify any client that would for instance try to connect to a VPN server or the Tor Network. This can be useful when you know someone you want to de-anonymize is in a crowded place, but you do not know who.
These can also be used to carefully craft and serve you advanced phishing webpages that would harvest your credentials or try to make you install a malicious certificate allowing them to see your encrypted traffic.
How to mitigate those? Tor and VPNs are not silver bullets. Many advanced techniques have been developed and studied to de-anonymize encrypted Tor traffic over the years Most of those techniques are Correlation attacks that will correlate your network traffic in one way or another to logs or datasets. Here are some examples:. For example, do not connect to Tor from your University Network to access a University Service anonymously. Instead, use a different source point such as a public Wi-Fi that cannot be correlated easily by an adversary.
Consider the use of multiple layers such as what will be recommended in this guide later: VPN over Tor so that an adversary might be able to see that someone connected to the service through Tor but will not be able to see that it was you because you were connected to a VPN and not the Tor Network. Be aware again that this might not be enough against a motivated global adversary 76 with wide access to global mass surveillance.
Such an adversary might have access to logs no matter where you are and could use those to de-anonymize you. These adversaries are out of the scope of this guide. Be also aware that all the other methods described in this guide such as Behavioral analysis can also be used to deanonymize Tor users indirectly see further Your Digital Fingerprint, Footprint, and Online Behavior. Lastly, do remember that using Tor can already be considered suspicious activity 77 , and its use could be considered malicious by some Remember that such attacks are usually carried by highly skilled, highly resourceful, and motivated adversaries and are out of scope from this guide.
Disclaimer: it should also be noted that Tor is not designed to protect against a global adversary. Design goals and assumptions. Well, unfortunately, no, this is now becoming true at least for some devices:. Samsung Phones Android 10 and above MacBooks macOS Such devices will continue to broadcast identity information to nearby devices even when offline using Bluetooth Low-Energy They do not have access to the devices directly which are not connected to the internet but instead use BLE to find them through other nearby devices They are using peer-to-peer short-range Bluetooth communication to broadcast their status through nearby online devices.
The IMEI is tied directly to the phone you are using. This number is known and tracked by the cell phone operators and known by the manufacturers. It is possible but difficult and not illegal in many jurisdictions 89 to change the IMEI on a phone but it is probably easier and cheaper to just find and buy some old working Burner phone for a few Euros this guide is for Germany remember at a flea market or some random small shop.
The IMSI is tied directly to the mobile subscription or pre-paid plan you are using and is tied to your phone number by your mobile provider. The manufacturer of the Phone can trace back the sale of the phone using the IMEI if that phone was bought in a non-anonymous way. And if you are using a phone that you bought online or from someone that knows you.
It can be traced to you using that information. The IMSI is then tied to the identity of the buyer of the card. In the countries where the SIM can still be bought with cash like the UK , they still know where which shop it was bought and when.
Or again the antenna logs can also be used to figure out which other phone was there at the moment of the sale. They too can trace back the history of the phone and to which accounts it was tied in the past These devices can impersonate to spoof a cell phone Antenna and force a specific IMSI your phone to connect to it to access the cell network.
While there are some smartphones manufacturers like Purism with their Librem series 98 who claim to have your privacy in mind, they still do not allow IMEI randomization which I believe is a key anti-tracking feature that should be provided by such manufacturers. The MAC address 99 is a unique identifier tied to your physical Network Interface Wired Ethernet or Wi-Fi and could of course be used to track you if it is not randomized. As it was the case with the IMEI, manufacturers of computers and network cards usually keep logs of their sales usually including things like serial number, IMEI, Mac Addresses, … and it is possible again for them to track where and when the computer with the MAC address in question was sold and to whom.
Maybe yours before you decided to use the MacBook for sensitive activities. Some commercial devices will keep a record of MAC addresses roaming around for various purposes such as road congestion If you use your own laptop, then it is crucial to hide that MAC address and Bluetooth address anywhere you use it and be extra careful not to leak any information.
Again, it can be used to track you as manufacturers and operating system makers keep logs of such information. Operating systems have protections in place to randomize those addresses but are still subject to vulnerabilities On Windows 10, you will need to disable and enable the Bluetooth device in the device manager itself to force randomization of the address for next use and prevent tracking.
In general, this should not be too much of a concern compared to MAC Addresses. BT Addresses are randomized quite often. Those management platforms are small operating systems running directly on your CPU as long as they have power.
These have already been affected by several security vulnerabilities in the past that allowed malware to gain control of target systems. These are also accused by many privacy actors including the EFF and Libreboot of being a backdoor into any system If you are feeling a bit more adventurous, you could install your own BIOS using Libreboot or Coreboot if your laptop supports it be aware that Coreboot does contain some propriety code unlike its fork Libreboot.
Some of these can be avoided using Virtualization Software settings that can mitigate such exploits. I will therefore mitigate some of these issues in this guide by recommending the use of virtual machines on a dedicated anonymous laptop for your sensitive activities that will only be used from an anonymous public network. Most popular Operating Systems now collect telemetry information by default even if you never opt-in or opted-out from the start. Some like Windows will not even allow disabling telemetry completely without some technical tweaks.
This information collection can be extensive and include a staggering number of details metadata and data on your devices and their usage. Here are good overviews of what is being collected by those five popular OSes in their last versions:. Apple does claim that they anonymize this data using differential privacy but you will have to trust them on that. Not only are Operating Systems gathering telemetry services but so are Apps themselves like Browsers, Mail Clients, and Social Networking Apps installed on your system.
It is important to understand that this telemetry data can be tied to your device and help de-anonymizing you and later can be used against you by an adversary that would get access to this data. This does not mean for example that Apple devices are terrible choices for good Privacy tho this might be changing , but they are certainly not the best choices for relative Anonymity.
They might protect you from third parties knowing what you are doing but not from themselves. In all likelihood, they certainly know who you are. Later in this guide, we will use all the means at our disposal to disable and block as much telemetry as possible to mitigate this attack vector in the Operating Systems supported in this guide. These will include Windows, macOS, and even Linux in some regard.
Records your habits and health data steps, screen time, exposure to diseases, connected devices data. Has most likely access to most of your known accounts including social media, messaging, and financial accounts. Data is being transmitted even if you opt-out , processed, and stored indefinitely most likely unencrypted by various third parties It is also every other smart device you could have:.
Your Smart Speaker? Your Car? Any other Smart device? There are even convenient search engines dedicated to finding them online:.
Your metadata is all the information about your activities without the actual content of those activities. For instance, it is like knowing you had a call from an oncologist before then calling your family and friends successively. You do not know what was said during the conversation, but you can guess what it was just from the metadata Odds are several companies are knowing exactly where you are at any time because of your smartphone In addition, this location data is even sold by private companies to the military who can then use it conveniently Your ISP however knows or at least can know you were connected to that same VPN provider on November 4th from am to 2 pm but does not know what you were doing with it.
The question is: Is there someone somewhere that would have both pieces of information available for correlation in a convenient database? Have you heard of Edward Snowden ? Now is the time to google him and read his book The way you click. The way you browse. The fonts you use on your browser Fingerprinting is being used to guess who someone is by the way that user is behaving.
You might be using specific pedantic words or making specific spelling mistakes that could give you away using a simple Google search for similar features because you typed comparably on some Reddit post 5 years ago using a not so anonymous Reddit account The words you type in a search engine alone can be used against you as the authorities now have warrants to find users who used specific keywords in search engines Think of when you draft an e-mail in Gmail.
It is saved automatically as you type. They can register your clicks and cursor movements as well. All they need to achieve this in most cases is Javascript enabled in your browser which is the case in most Browsers including Tor Browser by default. Even with Javascript disabled, there are still ways to fingerprint you While these methods are usually used for marketing purposes and advertising, they can also be a useful tool for fingerprinting users.
This is because your behavior is unique or unique enough that over time, you could be de-anonymized. Analysis algorithms could then be used to match these patterns with other users and match you to a different known user. It is unclear whether such data is already used or not by Governments and Law Enforcement agencies, but it might be in the future. It could and probably will be used for investigations in the short or mid-term future to deanonymize users.
You will see it becoming interesting over time this requires Javascript enabled. This guide will provide some technical mitigations using Fingerprinting resistant tools but those might not be sufficient. You should apply common sense and try to find your own patterns in your behavior and behave differently when using anonymous identities.
This includes:. The type of response you use if you are sarcastic by default, try to have a different approach with your identities. You need to act and fully adopt a role as an actor would do for a performance. You need to become a different person, think, and act like that person. This is not a technical mitigation but a human one.
You can only rely on yourself for that. Ultimately, it is mostly up to you to fool those algorithms by adopting new habits and not revealing real information when using your anonymous identities. These are clues you might give over time that could point to your real identity. In those posts, you might over time leak some information about your real life. These might be memories, experiences, or clues you shared that could then allow a motivated adversary to build a profile to narrow their search.
A real use and well-documented case of this was the arrest of the hacker Jeremy Hammond who shared over time several details about his past and was later discovered. You can also view some convenient lists of some available OSINT tools here if you want to try them on yourself for example:. You will see more details about this in the Creating new identities section. That person could then go ahead and upload that selfie to various platforms Twitter, Google Photos, Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat ….
In addition to this, the same picture will provide a precise timestamp and in most cases geolocation of where it was taken. Because other people have put a picture of you in their contact list which they then shared with them. Apple is making FaceID mainstream and pushing its use to log you into many services including the Banking systems. The same goes with fingerprint authentication being mainstreamed by many smartphone makers to authenticate yourself. The same goes with your voice which can be analyzed for various purposes as shown in the recent Spotify patent Even your iris can be used for identification in some places We can safely imagine a near future where you will not be able to create accounts or sign in anywhere without providing unique biometrics A suitable time to re-watch Gattaca , Person of Interest , and Minority Report And you can safely imagine how useful these large biometrics databases could be to some interested third parties.
At this time, there are a few steps you can use to mitigate and only mitigate face recognition when conducting sensitive activities where CCTV might be present:. Wear a facemask as they have been proven to defeat some face recognition technologies but not all Wear a baseball cap or hat to mitigate identification from high-angle CCTVs filming from above from recording your face.
Remember this will not help against front-facing cameras. There was a small study showing their efficiency against IBM and Amazon facial recognition Note that if you intend to use these where advanced facial recognition systems have been installed, these measures could also flag as you as suspicious by themselves and trigger a human check. This could for example be through e-mail or through impersonating financial services.
Such attacks can also be used to de-anonymize someone by tricking them into downloading malware or revealing personal information over time.
The only defense against those is not to fall for them and common sense. Using steganography or other techniques, it is easy to embed malware into common file formats such as Office Documents, Pictures, Videos, PDF documents…. These could be simple pixel-sized images hidden in your e-mails that would call a remote server to try and get your IP address.
These could be exploiting a vulnerability in an outdated format or an outdated reader Such exploits could then be used to compromise your system. What is a File Format? You should always use extreme caution. To mitigate these attacks, this guide will later recommend the use of virtualization See Appendix W: Virtualization to mitigate leaking any information even in case of opening such a malicious file. If you want to learn how to try detecting such malware, see Appendix T: Checking files for malware.
You could be using those over a VPN for added security. Such exploits could be used to compromise your system and reveal details to de-anonymize you such as your IP address or other details.
A real use case of this technique was the Freedom Hosting case in where the FBI inserted malware using a Firefox browser exploit on a Tor website. This exploit allowed them to reveal details of some users. More recently, there was the notable SolarWinds hack that breached several US government institutions by inserting malware into an official software update server. This is the case for instance in China with WeChat which can then be used in combination with other data for state surveillance There are countless examples of malicious browser extensions, smartphone apps, and various apps that have been infiltrated with malware over the years.
You should always check that you are using the updated version of such apps before use and ideally validate each download using their signature if available. You should not use such apps directly from a hardware system but instead, use a Virtual Machine for compartmentalization.
Here are some examples that you can already buy yourself:. Hak5, O. Such devices can be implanted anywhere charging cable, mouse, keyboard, USB key … by an adversary and can be used to track you or compromise your computer or smartphone. The most notable example of such attacks is probably Stuxnet in While you could inspect a USB key physically, scan it with various utilities, check the various components to see if they are genuine, you will most likely never be able to discover complex malware embedded in genuine parts of a genuine USB key by a skilled adversary without advanced forensics equipment To mitigate this, you should never trust such devices and plug them into sensitive equipment.
If you use a charging device, you should consider the use of a USB data blocking device that will only allow charging but not any data transfer. Such data blocking devices are now readily available in many online shops. This might sound a bit familiar as this was already partially covered previously in the Your CPU section. Malware and backdoors can be embedded directly into your hardware components. And in other cases, such backdoors can be implemented by a third party that places itself between orders of new hardware and customer delivery Such malware and backdoors can also be deployed by an adversary using software exploits.
Many of those are called rootkits within the tech world. Usually, these types of malware are harder to detect and mitigate as they are implemented at a lower level than the userspace and often in the firmware of hardware components itself.
What is firmware? Firmware is a low-level operating system for devices. Each component in your computer probably has firmware including for instance your disk drives. These can allow remote management and are capable of enabling full control of a target system silently and stealthily. As mentioned previously, these are harder to detect by users but some limited steps that can be taken to mitigate some of those by protecting your device from tampering and use some measures like re-flashing the bios for example.
Unfortunately, if such malware or backdoor is implemented by the manufacturer itself, it becomes extremely difficult to detect and disable those. This can be obvious to many but not to all. Most files have metadata attached to them. Own your data MetaMask generates passwords and keys on your device, so only you have access to your accounts and data. You always choose what to share and what to keep private. What is MetaMask? Your key to blockchain applications MetaMask provides an essential utility for blockchain newcomers, token traders, crypto gamers, and developers.
Hi guys! In today's video I'm going to be showing you how to reinstall the Logitech G-Hub when it seemingly wont launch anymore. Logitech G Cutting Out Overview. It should work. Also, follow permanent fix, else the issue can occur again. I have not been able to install the G. Hey due , we are unfortunately on the same boat. The current version of Inkscape can be installed on computers running macOS version For those that aren't permitted to install Logitech G Hub, it will flash an obnoxious rainbow wave - fortunately, an RGB profile can be uploaded from a computer that has Logitech G Hub for use with computers e.
All you need is an email address. Logitech G Hub won't install for you? It probably isn't because you are doing something wrong, even the most experience gamers and computer builders have However, if you are trying to use something new or you want to install the new Logitech gaming software and it gets stuck, you're not alone. Download Logitech Unifying software to easily add all of your Unifying products to a single Unifying receiver.
Control your home from your Android smartphone or tablet. It replaces Logitech's older G software with a modern design and a deeper level of lighting and macro customization, which users can also export to share profiles online. Here to prove that Science Wins. There's little icon flashing on the top right. Both wheels are basically the same but the G29 In the Scan For New Games window, the software will find profiles to use for other games that are installed on your PC.
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In some cases it might get into trouble. This is a very clever piece of Logitech hardware with loads of pretty lights meant for the killing games and sci fi. One of the issues with the keyboard is a persistent bug in the Logitech G Hub software. Reboot and reinstall G Hub, do not reinstall Gaming software.
We love getting feedback and hearing about your experiences with your products. Search Logitech, click on "Logitech gaming software", click on "Uninstall" 3. Right-click anywhere on your desktop and choose Display Settings.
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