Just set your coordinates and go. Features of Stellarium: Sky Default catalogue of over , stars Extra catalogues with more than million stars Asterisms and illustrations of the constellations Constellations for twelve different cultures Images of nebulae full Messier catalogue Realistic Milky Way Very realistic atmosphere, sunrise and sunset The planets and their satellites Interface A powerful zoom Time control Multilingual interface Fisheye projection for planetarium domes Spheric mirror projection for your own low-cost dome All new graphical interface and extensive keyboard control Telescope control Free Downloads For Mac Visualisation Equatorial and azimuthal grids Star twinkling Shooting stars Eclipse simulation Supernovae simulation Skinnable landscapes, now with spheric panorama projection Customizability Plugin system adding artifical satellites, ocular simulation, telescope configuration and more Ability to add new solar system objects from online resources Add your own deep sky objects, landscapes, constellation images, scripts To change the landscape graphics, select a landscape from the list on the left side of the window.
A description of the landscape will be shown on the right. Note that while a landscape can include information about where the landscape graphics were taken planet, longitude, latitude and altitude , this location does not have to be the same as the location selected in the Location window, although you can set up Stellarium such that selection of a new landscape will alter the location for you.
Use associated planet and position When enabled, selecting a new landscape will automatically update the observer location.
Use this landscape as default Selecting this option will save the landscape into the program configuration file so that the current landscape will be the one used when Stellarium starts. Minimal brightness Use some minimal brightness setting. Moonless night on very dark locations may appear too dark on your screen. You may want to configure some minimal brightness here. Show landscape labels Landscapes can be configured with a gazetteer of interesting points, e.
Show illumination to reflect the ugly developments of our civilisation, landscapes can be config- ured with a layer of light pollution, e. This layer, if present, will be mixed in when it is dark enough.
If you like to switch rapidly between several landscapes and have enough memory, you can increase the default cache size to keep more landscapes loaded previously available in memory.
Note that a large landscape can take up MB or more! See section D. Some cultures have constellation art e. Configurable options include Use this skyculture as default Activate this option to load this skyculture when Stellarium starts.
Show labels Activate display of constellation labels, like or V. You can further select whether you want to display abbreviated, original or translated names. Show lines with thickness. Activate display of stick figures, like or C , and you can configure constellation line thickness here.
Show asterism lines. Use native names for planets If provided, show the planet names as used in this skyculture also shows modern planet name for reference. Show art in brightness. Activate display of constellation art if available , like or R.
You can also select the brightness here. To achieve this, first activate the single constellation mode see section 4. Then, click on a star which is part of a constellation line set. Click another star which is part of another constellation to show that one. The User Interface If you explain a skyculture where constellations also have borders defined, a click anywhere in the constellation area is enough. For other skycultures, clicking onto a star which is not member of a constellation line will display all constellations.
Press W to remove all but the last selected constellation. If you had deleted selection right mouse click before pressing W , all constellations are hidden. Press W again to also hide the single displayed one, or click another star to select the next constellation.
If you need to keep the single constellation visible, select the currently selected star again to select it again. With a little training, you will be able to give inspiring constellation tours. Currently, only HiPS surveys are supported. On the left side of the window we see the list of available surveys from the configured sources See section D. On the right side a description of the selected survey and its properties are displayed. Surveys are grouped by types.
The top combobox allows to filter the listed surveys according to a given type Deep Sky or Solar System. You can toggle the visibility of a survey by checking the box on the left of the survey name in the list. Note that as of v0. Once a survey is visible you should be able to see its loading status in the loading bar area of the sky view. Deep sky surveys will be rendered aligned with the sky view, while solar system surveys automatically map on the proper body.
Simply type in the name of an object to find, and press. Stellarium will point you at that object in the sky. The first of the list of matching objects will be highlighted.
If you press the key, the selection will change to the next item in the list. Hitting the key will go to the currently highlighted object and close the search dialog.
Type the first letter of the name, m, to see a list of objects whose name contains m: Haumea, Miranda, Umbriel,. You may want at this point to have Stellarium rather propose object names with start with the string you enter. Do that in the Options tab of this panel. Now repeat searching delete, and re-enter m to start over. Now the list is shorter and contains only objects which start with m: Maia, Mars,. The first item in this list, Maia, is highlighted. Pressing now would go to Maia, but we want Mimas.
The Position tab Fig. The List Search tab Fig. The number of choices is governed by the loaded DSO catalogs and plug-ins. Scroll down the first window to select the type. Click on the name and Stellarium will go to that object.
The Options tab Fig. Stellarium will point you at that object in the sky even if there is no object displayed on the screen. You can call it by pressing F10 or the button on the left menu bar. The Astronomical Calculations window shows six tabs with different functionality. Double-clicking on an entry brings the object into focus Fig. The positions are marked in the sky with yellow circles Fig. Double- clicking sets the respective date and brings the object to focus.
Another interesting option in this tool: using horizontal coordinates for plotting traces of the Solar system objects. In this mode, the circle marks are not linked to the sky, but to the horizontal coordinate system.
For example, you can get an analemma of the Sun for any location Fig. Figure 4. Time Optional graphs for the Sun with lines for civil, nautical and astronomical twilight and the Moon dashed are also available. This v0. Time v0. Time This tool may be very helpful for educational and statistics purposes. This tool was introduced for planning monthly observations Fig. Select an object type in the box labeled Select a Category, and all objects of that type which are above the horizon on the selected night will be displayed in the box labeled Matching Objects.
For example, in the screenshot, the Planets category has been selected, and three planets which are up in the selected night are displayed Jupiter, Mars and Mercury.
By default, the WUT will display objects which are above the horizon between sunset and midnight i. You can choose to show objects which are up between midnight and dawn in the morning , around midnight, or any time between dusk and dawn any time tonight using the combobox near the top of the window. You can also choose to see only those objects that are brighter than a certain magnitude by setting a minimum magnitude using the Show objects brighter than magnitude spinbox. You may center an object from the right list in the sky map just by selecting it.
In version 0. The User Interface Objects was removed, the filter for magnitudes was moved to the right and we added a new filter here to limit the range of acceptable angular sizes of matched objects. In addition to the names we added 5 new sortable columns: magnitude, rising time, transit time, setting time and angular size of object. It computes the relations between two Solar system bodies for the current date and location — linear and angular distances, orbital resonances and orbital velocities.
Since version 0. It is useful to locate the files that stellarium writes to your computer. The same information is written to the file log. Each available function can be configured with up to two key combinations.
Simply select the function and click with the mouse into the edit field, then press your key of choice. If the key has been taken already, a message will tell you. This tool is available through the Help Tab of the Help window see section 4. Files and Directories 5. When Stellarium looks for a file, it looks in two places. First, it looks in the user directory for the account which is running Stellarium.
If the file is not found there, Stellarium looks in the installation directory1. Thus it is possible for Stellarium to be installed by an administrative user and yet have a writable configuration file for non-administrative users.
Another benefit of this method is on multi-user systems: Stellarium can be installed by the administrator, and different users can maintain their own configuration and other files in their personal user accounts.
In addition to the main search path, Stellarium saves some files in other locations, for example screens shots and recorded scripts. The locations of the user directory, installation directory, screenshot save directory and script save directory vary according to the operating system and installation options used. The following sections describe the locations for various operating systems. Depending on the version of Windows and its configuration, this could be any of the following each of these is tried, if it fails, the next in the list if tried.
To make it accessible in the Win- dows file explorer, open an Explorer window and select Organize Folder and search options. Make sure folders marked as hidden are now displayed. See Inside Application Bundles3 for more information.
Each landscape has its own sub-directory. The name of this sub-directory is called the landscape ID, which is used to specify the default landscape in the main configuration file, or in script commands.
Your explorer displays this as funny. You double-click it, expecting to open some image browser with a funny image. However, you start some unknown program instead, and running this. Each culture has its own sub-directory in the skycultures directory.
In the future Stellarium may be able to support multiple sets of nebula images and switch between them at runtime. This feature is not implemented for version 0. In the future Stellarium may be able to support multiple star catalogues and switch between them at runtime. If any file exists in both the installation directory and user directory, the version in the user directory will be used. Thus it is possible to override settings which are part of the main Stellarium installation by copying the relevant file to the user area and modifying it there.
It is recommended to add new landscapes or sky cultures by creating the relevant files and directories within the user directory, leaving the installation directory unchanged. In this manner different users on a multi-user system can customise Stellarium without affecting the other users, and updating Stellarium will not risk the loss of your own data.
This has the same content as you can see on the console on Linux when you start Stellarium on the command line. The logfile can also be displayed within the program: press F1 to call the help panel, and select the Logfile tab. Some settings, esp. If the configuration file does not exist in the user directory when Stellarium is started e. The name of the configuration file is config. See section 6 Command Line Options for details.
A complete list of configuration file options and values may be found in appendix D. Bretagnon and Francou, Outside this range, it seems to be usable for a few more millennia without too great errors, but with degrading accuracy. The data files have to be downloaded separately, and most users will likely not need them.
Outside these year ranges, positional computation falls back to VSOP The integration of this feature is still somewhat experimental, and some other current approxi- mations will lead to numerical data which differ slightly from best possible ephemerides. Please at least compare with JPL Horizons8 for dependable results.
Also download from this directory if you are not running Linux! Alternatively, if you have them already stored elsewhere, you may add the path to config.
You activate use of either ephemeris in the Configuration panel F2. If you activate both, preference will be given for DE if the simulation time allows it. Outside of the valid times, VSOP87 will always be used. The exact 0. Please follow instructions by the gpsd authors10 to properly configure this system daemon.
Unfortunately, most GPS devices use the Prolific chipset in their serial-to- USB converter and are identified as such, without other unique information like serial numbers. This chipset is also used in other Serial-to-USB converter cables, and to avoid conflicts the according rule has been disabled by the release managers of Ubuntu.
This could be a little Raspberry Pi computer which happens to be in your WiFi to allow localisation and time service. To configure this, you must manually edit config. Files and Directories Also, gpsd must be started with the -G parameter to enable this.
When it works, use what suits you -S provide service on port tcp Use this address:port combination to receive data from IP of your smartphone, port shown on BlueNMEA screen.
This is however not recommended when you have gpsd available. Virtually all GPS receivers are able to emit the standardized NMEA messages which encode time, position, speed, satellite information and other data.
The standard originally required connection settings of baud, 8 bit, no parity, one stop bit 8N1 , however some devices come with faster transfer. If you have a device with non-standard baudrate or several serial devices on serial ports e. Find the [gui] section and edit [ gui ] These values are used on Windows primarily.
You should develop an udev rule which adds a unique name and use this. In this case, you may also need to add your user to the dialout group or whichever group owns your serial port. Better yet, use gpsd see above. See table for a full list: Option Option Parameter Description --help or -h [none] Print a quick command line help message, and exit.
The de- fault value is config. The parameter can be a full path which will be used verbatim or a partial path. Note: The old configuration file will be overwritten. Command Line Options --screenshot-dir path Specify the directory to which screenshots will be saved. De- fault name: Stellarium. Use this is you have graphics prob- lems and want to send a bug report. May help for certain driver configurations. Currently Spout output is limited to the main window without GUI panels, but this may change in future versions.
Your master application must obviously embed a Spout receiver. The default name of the Spout sender is Stellarium. In such cases, it may be useful to also have separate user data directories and use option --user-dir. For permanent setting, use the NVidia configuration dialog to configure Stellarium explicitly to run always on the NVidia card.
Originally just used for decoration, since version Configured properly, they can act as reliable proxies of the real landscapes, so that you can take e. In this chapter you can find relevant information required to accurately configure Stellarium landscapes, using panoramas created from photographs taken on-site, optionally supported by horizon measurements with a theodolite.
Creating an accurate panorama requires some experience with photography and image process- ing. However, great open-source tools have been developed to help you on the job. If you already know other tools, you should be able to easily transfer the presented concepts to those other tools. The area below the horizon line is colored in a single color Section 7.
This is the most difficult to configure, but allows highest resolution by using several texture maps Section 7. This land- scape suffers from calibration uncertainties and can only be recommended for decoration Section 7. A landscape consists of a landscape. Landscapes like a coordinate list or the textures. Those reside in a subdirectory of the landscape folder inside the Stellarium program directory, or, for own work, in a subdirectory of the landscape folder inside your Stellarium user data directory see section 5.
Let us ssume we want to create a landscape for a place called Rosenburg. The location for the files of our new custom landscape Rosenburg depends on the operating system see 5. For our purposes we should consider especially the coordinates in the location section mandatory! Positive values represent North of the equator, negative values South of the equator.
Positive values represent East of the Green- wich Meridian on Earth or equivalent on other bodies , Negative values represent Western longitude. This may contain spaces, but keep it short to have it fully visible in the selection box. If they are missing, the parameters do not change to defaults.
If negative or absent, no change will be made. Surface air temperature Degrees Celsius. Used for refraction. Set to to explicitly declare "no change". Surface air pressure mbar; would be for "normal" sea-level conditions. Set to -2 to declare "no change", or -1 to compute from altitude.
Set -1 to declare "no change". Users of Cartes du Ciel1 will be happy to hear that the format of the list of measurements is compatible. This is the technically simplest of the landscapes, but may be used to describe accurately measured horizon lines.
The file that encodes horizon altitudes can also be used in all other landscape types. There is a small caveat: Sometimes, there may appear vertical lines from some corners towards the zenith or the mathematical horizon, e. If this irritates you, just offset this azimuth minimally e.
The landscape. Demonstrates compatibility with horizon descriptions from Cartes du Ciel. The text can be superseded by optional description. This may be used to apply a usually small offset rotation, e. Landscapes in a grid-based coordinate system like UTM and have to compensate for the meridian convergence. Each R,G,B component is a float within Under certain circumstances you may want to specify something else here. The Moon landscape which comes with Stellarium provides a minimal example of a landscape.
This name may be translated. The text will be superseded by optional description. Useful to crop away parts of the image to conserve texture memory. If straight vertical edges in your landscape appear broken, try increasing this value, but higher values require more computing power.
Fog and illumination textures will have a similar vertical resolution. Can be used to define the exact position of the horizon. Under certain circumstances e. The easiest method to create perfectly aligned fog and illumination layers is with an image editor that supports layers like the GIMP or Photoshop.
Fog and Light images should have black background. Landscapes Figure 7. The bottom ground texture, drawn on a flat plane, is not shown here. This has the advantage over the single-image method that the detail level of the horizon can be increased without ending up with a single very large image file, so this is usable for either very high-resolution panoramas or for older hardware with limited capabilities. The ground texture can be a different resolution than the side textures.
Memory usage may be more efficient because there are no unused texture parts like the corners of the texture file in the fish-eye method. It is even possible to repeat the horizon several times for purely decorative purpose.
The side textures are mapped onto curved spherical ring or cylinder walls Fig. On the negative side, it is more difficult to create this type of landscape — merging the ground texture with the side textures can prove tricky. Hugin can be used to create also this file, though. And on the other hand, you can replace this by something else like a site map. The contents of the landscape. Here is the landscape. If they exist, they are used as overlays v0. Landscapes lamps, lit windows, red dots on towers, sky glow by city light pollution,.
Empty black panels can be omitted. If you need your light pollution higher in the sky, you must use a spherical or fisheye landscape.
Each description contains five fields separated by colon characters :. The first field is the ID of the texture e. If you want to use all of the image, this will just be This could also be a diagram e. Fog is mapped onto a simple cylinder.
This is handy for rotating the landscape so North is in the correct direction. Note that for historical reasons, a landscape with this value set to zero degrees has its leftmost edge pointing towards east.
When the sides are rotated, the ground texture may need to be rotated as well to match up with the sides. The buggy old code was left to work with the landscapes already existing. If true, the panorama image must be in in cylindrical, not equirectangular projection. A fog image created as overlay on the pano will be perfectly placed. If 0, the left edge of tex0 is due east. Values above are not recommended for non-photographic content e. If 0, east is up. The centre of the image is the spot directly above the observer the zenith.
The point below the observer the nadir becomes a circle that just touches the edges of the image. The remaining areas of the image the corners outside the circle are not used. The image file Fig. Whereever the image is transparent Stellarium will render the sky. The long description requires the file description. The length of the description texts is not limited, you have room for a good description, links to external resources, whatever seems suitable.
If you can provide other languages supported by Stellarium, you can provide translations yourself, else Stellarium translators may translate the English version for you. It may take years though. The file ending. The Grossmugl landscape demonstrates an example and should be self-explanatory. This is again multilingual, so the files are called gazetteer.
Can be used to better describe the landscape , i. Fields must be separated by vertical line , label must not have such a vertical line. Comments have this hash mark in first column. Azimuth Altitude degrees azimuth label towards zenith shift This must contain landscape.
Digital photography has brought a revolution also in this field, and it has become quite easy to create panoramas simply by taking a series of photographs with a regular camera on the same spot and combining them with dedicated software. A complete panorama photo visually encloses the observer like the mental image that as- tronomers have been using for millennia: the celestial sphere. If we want to document the view, say, in a big hall like a church, optimal results will be gained with a camera on a tripod with a specialized panorama head Figure 7.
If the closest object of interest is farther away that a few metres, requirements on parallax avoidance are far less critical, and the author has taken lots of landscape panoramas with a camera on the usual tripod screw, and even more entirely without a tripod. However, any visible errors that are caused by a shifted camera will require more effort in postprocessing.
When you have no tripod, note that you must not rotate the camera on your outstretched arm! The images should match in brightness and white balance. If you can shoot in RAW, do so to be able to change white balance later. Exposure brightness differences can be largely removed during stitching, but good, well-exposed original shots always give better results.
As a general recommendation, the images of a panorama should be taken from left to right, else please accordingly invert some of the instructions given below. There are several panorama making programs. Often they are included in the software that comes with a digital camera and allow the creation of simple panoramas. Other software titles are available for purchase. However, there is one cost-free open-source program that does everything we need for our task, and much more: 7. Actually, Hugin is a GUI application which calls several specialized sub-programs with fitting parameters.
The instructions are based on Hugin V Typically digital images come in JPG format with information about camera, lens, and settings stored in invisible metadata in the EXIF format. When Hugin reads such images, it can automati- cally derive focal length, field of view, and exposure differences exposure time, aperture, color balance to create panoramas as easily as possible. Landscapes match the number of cores in your computer and allow parallel processing.
After that, we are ready for creating our panoramas. We start on the tab Photos. Opens a file browser. Select the images which you want to stitch. Usually, lens data focal length, horizontal field of view7 ,. If those are not available e. The images are now listed in the file list, and you can edit image parameters by marking one or more, and then choosing from the context menu which you get from pressing the right mouse button.
In case you have used different lenses or inadvertently used different focal lengths of a zoom lens , you can assign separate lenses to the images.
Caveat: If you have resized the images, or produced copied on your RAW converter with non-native resolution, the horizontal Field of View FoV in Hugin may be misidentified. You must edit lens parameters and fill in the field of view from a full-size image. Else the first round of optimisation will run into unsolvable trouble. For our purpose, the anchor image should face south.
The next field below provides the required settings. It is recommended to use the CPFind command. Then press Create control points. This opens a dialog box in which you can see output of the selected feature point extractor. It should finish with a box telling you the number of identified points. In rare cases some images cannot be linked to others, you will have to manually add or edit feature points in those cases. On the Geometric Optimimisation combo, start with the button Positions, incremental from anchor , and press Calculate.
Moments later, a first rough match is available for inspection. Assumed your images cover the full horizon, the window shows an equirectangular area degrees along the horizon and degrees from zenith to nadir. The anchor image should be close to the image center, and the other images should be already well-aligned to both sides.
You can set the exact center point by clicking it in the image. You can display an overlay of the control points, which are colored according to match quality. Also, with button Identify activated, you see the overlapping image frames when you move the mouse over the image.
Sometimes the preview image may however be distorted and unusable. Here you see the points listed which link two images. Clicking a column label sorts by this column. It is recommended that only neighboring overlapping images should be included here.
If you have very large overlap, it is possible that points are found between two images which are not directly adjacent. In the OpenGL preview window, you can use the Preview or the Layout tabs to identify those image pairs.
Such points should be deleted. Mark those lines, and delete the points. Preliminary Geometric Optimisation Now the usually longest part begins: Iterative optimisation of the photo matchpoints. If your images were taken on a panorama tripod head, there should only be very few bad matchpoints, e. For handheld photos, the following considerations should be observed. The most important line which we want to create in all perfection is the visible horizon, where sky and earth meet.
The foreground, usually grassy or rocky, is of lesser interest, and stitching errors in those areas may not even be relevant. Therefore, matchpoints with large errors in the foreground can be safely removed, while, if necessary, points on the horizon should be added manually. Use the Control Points tab, select adjacent images start with 0 on the left and 1 on the right side , and delete the worst-fitting matchpoints closest to the camera near the bottom of the images.
We now start a long phase of re-optimizing and deletion of ill-matching points as long as those are far from the horizon. When all near matchpoints are deleted, the result should already look not too bad.
For continued optimisation, the number of parameters to optimize can be extended. To begin, I recommend Positions and View y, p, r, v , which may find a new focal length slightly different from the data in the EXIF tags. Again, delete further foreground points. If after a few rounds you still have bad point distances, try Positions and Barrel Distortion y, p, r, b to balance distortion by bad optics, or even go up to Everything without translation.
Optimisation can only reach perfect results if you did not move between exposures. Else, find a solution which shows the least error. In case you took your photos not on a tripod and moved too much, you may even want to play with the translation options, but errors will be increasingly hard to avoid. Using Straight Edges as Guides If the panorama contains straight lines like vertical edges of buildings, these can be used to automatically get a correctly levelled horizon: Vertical lines are mapped to vertical lines in equirectangular panos!
In the Control Points tab, select the image with the vertical edge in both subframes, and mark points on the vertical edge. Linux source. Linux snap. Linux 64 bit; AppImage. Mac OS X Windows 32 bit. Windows 64 bit. User Guide 0. Try the Web Version. The great nebula in Orion.
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